Illustration of a cicada emerging from its exoskeleton on a tree trunk, with a protective netting around the tree, showcasing the life cycle and protection method.

Cicada Emergence: What to Expect and How to Protect Your Trees

 2023-06-05
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Introduction to Cicada Emergence

As the warm weather approaches, a remarkable event occurs in the world of insects: the emergence of cicadas. These fascinating creatures are known for their distinct, loud mating calls and their unique life cycles. While cicadas are a natural part of the ecosystem and play a crucial role in it, their emergence can sometimes have consequences for the trees they inhabit. In this article, we will explore the world of cicadas, their life cycles, and how their emergence affects trees. We will also provide guidance on how to protect your trees from potential cicada damage, debunk common myths and misconceptions, and address frequently asked questions about these intriguing insects.

Cicadas are a diverse group of insects, with over 3,000 species found worldwide. They belong to the order Hemiptera, which also includes aphids, leafhoppers, and shield bugs. These insects are best known for their periodic mass emergences, during which they can appear in astounding numbers, sometimes reaching millions per acre. The most famous of these are the periodical cicadas, which emerge in distinct broods every 13 or 17 years, depending on the species. However, not all cicadas follow this pattern, as many species have annual or semi-annual life cycles.

Despite their occasional negative impact on trees, cicadas play a vital role in the ecosystem. They provide a valuable food source for various animals, including birds, mammals, and reptiles. Additionally, their emergence and subsequent death contribute to nutrient cycling in the environment, as their bodies decompose and release nutrients back into the soil. Understanding the life cycle, behavior, and ecological significance of cicadas can help us appreciate these fascinating insects and mitigate any potential damage they may cause to our trees.

Table of contents

The Lifecycle of Cicadas

Cicadas are fascinating insects that have captured the attention of people for centuries due to their unique life cycle and the periodic emergence of large numbers of individuals. Understanding the life cycle of cicadas is essential to know what to expect during an emergence and how to protect your trees from potential damage.

There are two main types of cicadas: annual cicadas and periodical cicadas. Annual cicadas have a life cycle of 2-5 years, but their generations overlap, so they are seen every year. Periodical cicadas, on the other hand, have a more extended life cycle of 13 or 17 years, depending on the species, and emerge synchronously in massive numbers.

The life cycle of cicadas consists of four main stages: egg, nymph, teneral adult, and adult. The process begins when female cicadas lay their eggs on the branches of trees or shrubs, usually in the late spring or early summer. They use a specialized organ called an ovipositor to cut small slits in the bark, where they deposit the eggs. Each female can lay around 400-600 eggs, which are divided into several egg nests.

After 6-10 weeks, the eggs hatch, and the tiny nymphs emerge. They immediately drop to the ground and burrow into the soil, where they will spend the majority of their lives. Nymphs feed on the sap of tree roots, using their specialized mouthparts to pierce the roots and extract the nutrients they need for growth. As they grow, nymphs go through five instar stages, molting their exoskeleton at each stage to accommodate their growing bodies.

When the time comes for the nymphs to emerge from the ground, they do so in large numbers, usually after a significant rain event. The nymphs then climb the nearest vertical surface, such as a tree trunk or fence post, and undergo their final molt, shedding their nymphal exoskeleton and emerging as teneral adults. This stage is characterized by their soft, pale bodies, which are highly vulnerable to predators and environmental factors. Over the next few hours, the teneral adults harden and darken, becoming fully mature adults.

Adult cicadas have one primary purpose: to mate and reproduce. Males produce loud, distinctive songs to attract females, using specialized organs called tymbals. Once a female is attracted, the pair will mate, and the female will lay her eggs, starting the life cycle anew. Adult cicadas have a relatively short lifespan, living only for a few weeks, during which they do not feed. After mating and laying eggs, the adults die, and the cycle begins again with the next generation.

Cicada Broods and Periodical Emergence

As mentioned earlier, cicadas are known for their periodical emergence, which means they appear in large numbers at specific intervals. Cicada broods are groups of cicadas that emerge together after spending years underground. There are several cicada broods in the United States, each with its own distinct emergence cycle.

The most well-known cicada brood is Brood X, which emerges every 17 years in the eastern United States. This brood is particularly large and is expected to emerge in 2021. Other broods, such as Brood II and Brood XIV, emerge every 13 years and 17 years, respectively.

During a periodical emergence, cicadas emerge from the ground in large numbers, typically numbering in the millions per acre. The males begin to sing to attract females, and the sound can be deafening. Cicadas mate and lay eggs in the branches of trees, and then die off within a few weeks.

It’s important to note that not all cicadas emerge in periodical broods. Some cicadas have a shorter lifecycle and emerge every year, while others emerge in smaller numbers and at different intervals.

The periodical emergence of cicadas is a fascinating natural phenomenon that has puzzled scientists for years. Researchers are still trying to understand how cicadas are able to coordinate their emergence so precisely and why they have such long life cycles.

Signs of Cicada Emergence in Your Area

As cicadas begin to emerge from the ground, there are several signs that can indicate their presence in your area. The most obvious sign is the loud buzzing noise that male cicadas make to attract mates. This noise can be heard from a distance and is often described as a high-pitched screeching sound.

Another sign of cicada emergence is the presence of their discarded exoskeletons. After cicadas molt, they leave behind their old exoskeletons, which can be found on trees, shrubs, and other surfaces. These exoskeletons are usually brown and can be quite large, depending on the size of the cicada.

If you notice small holes in the ground around trees and shrubs, this could also be a sign of cicada emergence. Female cicadas lay their eggs in the branches of trees and shrubs, and the young nymphs burrow into the ground to feed on tree roots. As they feed, they create small holes in the soil.

Finally, if you see large numbers of cicadas flying around, this is a clear sign of their emergence. Cicadas are not strong fliers and tend to stay close to the trees and shrubs where they feed and mate. If you see large numbers of them flying around, it is a good indication that they have emerged in your area.

It is important to note that cicadas emerge in different areas at different times, depending on the brood and the location. If you are unsure whether cicadas have emerged in your area, you can check with your local extension office or do a quick online search to see if there have been any reports of cicada emergence in your region.

The Impact of Cicadas on Trees

Cicadas are known for their loud and distinctive buzzing sound, which can be heard from miles away. However, their emergence can have a significant impact on trees in the affected area. Cicadas feed on the sap of trees, causing damage to the branches and leaves. They can also lay their eggs in the branches of trees, which can cause further damage.

The damage caused by cicadas is not usually fatal to trees, but it can weaken them and make them more susceptible to other pests and diseases. Trees that are already stressed or weakened by other factors, such as drought or poor soil conditions, are more likely to be severely impacted by cicada emergence.

The impact of cicadas on trees can vary depending on the species of cicada and the type of tree. Some tree species are more susceptible to cicada damage than others, and the severity of the damage can also vary. For example, oak trees are known to be particularly vulnerable to cicada damage, while conifers are less likely to be impacted.

One of the most noticeable signs of cicada damage is the appearance of “flagging” on the branches of trees. This occurs when the cicadas feed on the sap of the tree, causing the tips of the branches to turn brown and die off. In severe cases, entire branches may be affected.

While cicada damage can be unsightly, it is important to remember that it is usually not fatal to trees. Most trees are able to recover from cicada damage over time, especially if they are healthy and well-maintained. However, there are steps that can be taken to protect trees from cicada damage and minimize the impact of their emergence.

Tree Species Susceptible to Cicada Damage

The emergence of cicadas can have a significant impact on trees, particularly those that are vulnerable to damage. While most trees can withstand cicada activity, some species are more susceptible than others. Here are some of the tree species that are most at risk:

  • Oak Trees: Oak trees are a favorite of cicadas, particularly the periodical cicadas that emerge every 17 years. Cicadas can cause significant damage to the branches and trunks of oak trees, which can lead to stunted growth and other issues.
  • Maple Trees: Maple trees are also susceptible to cicada damage, particularly during the early stages of their development. Cicadas can cause damage to the leaves and branches of maple trees, which can lead to reduced growth and other issues.
  • Cherry Trees: Cherry trees are another favorite of cicadas, particularly the periodical cicadas that emerge every 17 years. Cicadas can cause significant damage to the branches and trunks of cherry trees, which can lead to stunted growth and other issues.
  • Apple Trees: Apple trees are also vulnerable to cicada damage, particularly during the early stages of their development. Cicadas can cause damage to the leaves and branches of apple trees, which can lead to reduced growth and other issues.
  • Dogwood Trees: Dogwood trees are another species that are vulnerable to cicada damage. Cicadas can cause damage to the leaves and branches of dogwood trees, which can lead to reduced growth and other issues.

If you have any of these tree species on your property, it’s important to take steps to protect them from cicada damage during an emergence. This can include using physical barriers to prevent cicadas from laying eggs on the trees, as well as using insecticides to control cicada populations.

How to Protect Your Trees from Cicada Damage

Cicadas can cause significant damage to trees, especially young and newly planted ones. However, there are steps you can take to protect your trees from cicada damage during emergence periods.

One effective method is to cover young trees with fine mesh netting. This will prevent cicadas from laying their eggs on the branches, which can cause significant damage to the tree. The netting should be placed over the tree before the cicadas emerge and should be kept in place until the cicada activity has ceased.

Another method is to wrap the trunks of trees with sticky bands. This will prevent cicadas from crawling up the trunk and laying their eggs in the branches. The sticky bands should be placed around the trunk of the tree at least a few weeks before the cicadas emerge and should be removed once the cicada activity has ceased.

It is also important to keep trees healthy and well-maintained. Healthy trees are better equipped to withstand cicada damage. Make sure to water and fertilize your trees regularly, prune dead or damaged branches, and avoid injuring the tree during lawn maintenance.

If you have a large number of trees on your property, you may want to consider hiring a professional tree care company to help protect your trees from cicada damage. They can provide expert advice and implement effective protection methods.

It is important to note that while cicadas can cause significant damage to trees, they are a natural and important part of the ecosystem. If possible, try to avoid using insecticides or other harmful chemicals to control cicada populations. Instead, focus on protecting your trees and allowing nature to take its course.

Using Insecticides for Cicada Control

Insecticides can be an effective way to control cicada populations and protect your trees from damage. However, it is important to use them properly and with caution.

Before using any insecticide, it is important to read the label carefully and follow all instructions. Make sure to wear protective clothing, such as gloves and a mask, when applying the insecticide.

There are two main types of insecticides that can be used for cicada control: systemic and contact. Systemic insecticides are absorbed by the tree and kill the cicadas when they feed on the sap. Contact insecticides, on the other hand, kill the cicadas on contact.

Systemic insecticides are generally more effective and longer-lasting than contact insecticides. However, they can take several weeks to be fully effective, so it is important to apply them well in advance of the cicada emergence.

Contact insecticides can be more convenient, as they can be applied directly to the cicadas. However, they may need to be reapplied more frequently than systemic insecticides.

It is also important to choose an insecticide that is safe for your trees and the environment. Look for products that are specifically labeled for use on cicadas and that have a low toxicity to non-target organisms.

In addition to using insecticides, there are other steps you can take to protect your trees from cicada damage. Pruning your trees before the emergence can help reduce the amount of damage they sustain. You can also cover your trees with netting or other physical barriers to prevent cicadas from laying their eggs on the branches.

Ultimately, the best way to control cicada populations is to let nature take its course. Cicadas are an important part of the ecosystem and play a vital role in the food chain. By using insecticides sparingly and only when necessary, you can help protect your trees while still allowing these fascinating insects to thrive.

Natural Predators and Biological Control Options

Cicadas have a number of natural predators that can help control their populations. Birds, such as robins, blue jays, and grackles, are known to feed on cicadas. Other animals, such as squirrels, raccoons, and opossums, have also been observed eating cicadas. In addition, some insects, such as praying mantises and assassin bugs, will prey on cicadas.

Biological control options for cicadas include the use of parasitic wasps, which lay their eggs on cicada nymphs. When the eggs hatch, the wasp larvae feed on the cicada nymphs, killing them. Another biological control option is the use of fungi that infect and kill cicadas.

While natural predators and biological control options can help reduce cicada populations, they may not be enough to completely eliminate the insects. In some cases, the use of insecticides may be necessary to protect trees and other plants from cicada damage.

It is important to note that any use of insecticides should be done carefully and in accordance with label instructions. Insecticides can be harmful to beneficial insects, such as bees and butterflies, as well as to other animals and humans. It is also important to consider the potential long-term effects of insecticide use on the environment.

Overall, natural predators and biological control options can be effective tools for managing cicada populations. However, it is important to consider all options and to use them in a responsible and sustainable manner.

The Benefits of Cicadas in the Ecosystem

Cicadas may seem like a nuisance to humans, but they actually play an important role in the ecosystem. Here are some of the benefits of cicadas:

1. Nutrient cycling: Cicadas help to cycle nutrients through the ecosystem. When they emerge from the ground, they shed their skins, leaving behind a rich source of nitrogen that fertilizes the soil. This helps to support the growth of plants and other organisms in the ecosystem.

2. Food source: Cicadas are an important food source for a variety of animals, including birds, mammals, and reptiles. They provide a high-protein meal that helps these animals to survive and thrive.

3. Pollination: While cicadas don’t pollinate plants in the same way that bees do, they can still play a role in pollination. When they feed on plant sap, they inadvertently transfer pollen from one plant to another, helping to fertilize the flowers and produce seeds.

4. Biodiversity: Cicadas are just one of the many species that make up the complex web of life in the ecosystem. By contributing to the biodiversity of the ecosystem, they help to ensure its resilience and stability.

5. Scientific research: Cicadas are fascinating creatures that have captured the attention of scientists and researchers for centuries. By studying cicadas, scientists can learn more about their biology, behavior, and ecology, which can help to inform our understanding of the natural world.

Overall, cicadas are an important part of the ecosystem, and their emergence is a natural phenomenon that should be appreciated and respected. While they may cause some inconvenience for humans, the benefits that they provide to the ecosystem far outweigh any temporary discomfort that we may experience.

Cicada Emergence and Climate Change

Climate change is a hot topic these days, and it is affecting many aspects of our lives, including the emergence of cicadas. Cicadas are sensitive to changes in temperature and moisture, and as the climate changes, their emergence patterns are also changing.

Scientists have found that rising temperatures are causing some cicada broods to emerge earlier than expected. This can be a problem for trees and other plants that rely on cicadas for pollination. If cicadas emerge too early, they may not be able to pollinate the trees and plants that depend on them, which can lead to a decline in their populations.

On the other hand, some cicada broods are emerging later than expected, which can also have an impact on the ecosystem. For example, if the cicadas emerge after the trees have already bloomed, they may not be able to pollinate them, which can lead to a decrease in fruit production and other negative effects.

Additionally, changes in precipitation patterns can also affect cicada emergence. If there is not enough rain during the year, cicadas may not emerge at all, or their populations may be smaller than usual. This can have a ripple effect throughout the ecosystem, as other animals that rely on cicadas for food may also be affected.

Overall, it is clear that climate change is having an impact on cicada emergence patterns, and this can have a significant effect on the ecosystem. It is important to continue studying the effects of climate change on cicadas and other insects, so that we can better understand how to protect them and the environment as a whole.

Cicada Emergence: Myths and Misconceptions

As with any natural phenomenon, cicada emergence comes with its fair share of myths and misconceptions. Let’s take a look at some of the most common ones:

  • Myth: Cicadas are harmful to humans.
  • Reality: Cicadas are harmless to humans. They do not bite or sting and are not carriers of disease.
  • Myth: Cicadas only emerge every 17 years.
  • Reality: While there are some cicada broods that emerge every 13 or 17 years, there are also annual cicadas that emerge every year.
  • Myth: Cicadas are locusts.
  • Reality: Cicadas are not locusts. Locusts are a type of grasshopper that can swarm and cause damage to crops.
  • Myth: Cicadas damage crops and gardens.
  • Reality: While cicadas can cause damage to trees, they do not typically damage crops or gardens.
  • Myth: Cicadas are a sign of the end of the world.
  • Reality: Cicadas are a natural part of the ecosystem and have been around for millions of years. They are not a sign of the end of the world.

It’s important to separate fact from fiction when it comes to cicada emergence. By understanding the reality of these insects and their impact on the environment, we can better appreciate their role in the ecosystem.

Frequently Asked Questions about Cicada Emergence

Q: What are cicadas?

A: Cicadas are insects that belong to the order Hemiptera and the family Cicadidae. They are known for their loud buzzing and clicking noises, which they produce by vibrating their tymbals, a pair of membranes located on their abdomens. Cicadas are known for their unique life cycle, which involves long periods of underground development followed by synchronized mass emergence of adults.

Q: How often do cicadas emerge?

A: Cicadas emerge periodically, depending on their species. Some species emerge every year, while others have 13- or 17-year life cycles. Periodical cicadas are known for their massive synchronized emergences, which can involve millions of individuals. Broods of periodical cicadas are named numerically based on the year they emerge, and different broods emerge in different years.

Q: What are the signs of cicada emergence?

A: The signs of cicada emergence include the appearance of adult cicadas, which are often seen climbing up trees and other vertical surfaces. Cicadas also leave behind exoskeletons, or shed skins, which can be found attached to trees and other surfaces. In addition, cicadas produce loud buzzing and clicking noises, which can be heard from a distance.

Q: Do cicadas damage trees?

A: Cicadas can damage trees, particularly during mass emergences. Female cicadas lay their eggs in tree branches, causing damage to the tissue. In addition, cicadas can cause stress to trees by feeding on their sap. However, healthy trees can usually withstand cicada damage, and the benefits of cicadas in the ecosystem often outweigh the negative effects.

Q: How can I protect my trees from cicada damage?

A: There are several ways to protect trees from cicada damage, including wrapping tree trunks with mesh or netting to prevent female cicadas from laying their eggs, using insecticides to kill cicadas, and providing supplemental watering and fertilization to help trees recover from cicada damage. However, it is important to weigh the potential risks and benefits of each method before deciding on a course of action.

Q: Are there any natural predators of cicadas?

A: Yes, there are several natural predators of cicadas, including birds, bats, and certain species of wasps. These predators can help to control cicada populations and reduce their impact on trees and other vegetation.

Q: What are the benefits of cicadas in the ecosystem?

A: Cicadas play an important role in the ecosystem by providing food for predators, helping to cycle nutrients through the soil, and providing pollination services for certain plant species. In addition, cicadas are an important cultural and historical symbol in many parts of the world.

Q: Are cicadas affected by climate change?

A: Yes, cicadas are likely to be affected by climate change, which could alter their life cycles and distribution patterns. However, more research is needed to fully understand the effects of climate change on cicadas and their ecosystems.

Q: What are some common myths and misconceptions about cicadas?

A: One common myth about cicadas is that they are locusts, which they are not. Another myth is that cicadas are harmful to humans, which is not true. Cicadas do not bite or sting, and they are not known to transmit diseases to humans.

Q: How can I learn more about cicada emergence?

A: There are many resources available for learning more about cicada emergence, including books, websites, and local nature centers and parks. In addition, observing cicada emergences in person can be a fascinating and educational experience.