Illustration of a squash vine borer's lifecycle stages from egg to adult, the damage it inflicts on plants, and various control strategies including natural predators and pesticide application.

Squash Vine Borer: Lifecycle, Damage, and Control Strategies

 2023-06-11
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Introduction to the Squash Vine Borer

The squash vine borer (Melittia cucurbitae) is a notorious pest that wreaks havoc on the cucurbit family, including squashes, pumpkins, and gourds. This destructive insect is native to North America and is prevalent in gardens and commercial crop fields across the United States. The adult squash vine borer is a striking, reddish-orange and black moth that resembles a wasp, while its larval stage is a plump, cream-colored caterpillar with a dark brown head.

As the larvae feed on the plant’s vascular tissue, they cause extensive damage to the vines, leading to wilting, yellowing, and eventual death of the plant. This can result in significant crop losses for both home gardeners and commercial growers alike. Therefore, understanding the life cycle, identifying the signs of damage, and implementing effective control strategies is crucial for protecting your squash plants from this persistent pest.

In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the life cycle of the squash vine borer, explore various control strategies, discuss the role of beneficial insects, and address common misconceptions about this troublesome pest. We will also examine the impact of squash vine borers on crop yield and quality, and discuss long-term management strategies to help you safeguard your garden or farm from future infestations. Whether you’re a seasoned gardener or a novice just starting out, this guide will equip you with the knowledge and tools necessary to combat the squash vine borer and ensure a healthy, bountiful harvest.

Table of contents

Lifecycle of the Squash Vine Borer

The lifecycle of the squash vine borer (Melittia cucurbitae) is an essential aspect to understand in order to effectively manage and control this notorious pest. The squash vine borer is a moth belonging to the family Sesiidae. It is native to North America and is a significant pest for squash, pumpkins, and other members of the Cucurbitaceae family.

The squash vine borer’s lifecycle consists of four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The entire lifecycle typically takes about one year, but it can vary depending on environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity.

Egg Stage: Adult female moths lay their eggs individually or in small clusters on the base of the plant stem, typically near the soil line. The eggs are oval, flat, and brownish in color. The incubation period for the eggs lasts around one to two weeks, depending on the temperature. After hatching, the larvae immediately begin to feed on the host plant.

Larva Stage: The larvae are white or cream-colored with a brown head and are about 1 inch long when fully grown. They bore into the stem of the plant and feed on the internal tissue, causing significant damage to the plant’s vascular system. The larval stage lasts for about four to six weeks, during which the larvae continue to feed and grow within the stem. As they feed, frass (a mixture of feces and plant material) is expelled from the entrance hole, which is a telltale sign of squash vine borer infestation.

Pupa Stage: After completing their larval development, the larvae leave the host plant and burrow into the soil to pupate. The pupal stage occurs within a cocoon made of silk and soil particles. Pupation lasts for about two to four weeks, after which adult moths emerge from the soil.

Adult Stage: Adult squash vine borer moths are striking in appearance, with a wingspan of approximately 1 inch. They have an orange abdomen with black bands and metallic green or blue forewings. The adult moths are typically active during the day and are often mistaken for wasps due to their appearance and behavior. Adult moths live for about one week, during which they mate and lay eggs, thus completing the lifecycle.

Understanding the squash vine borer’s lifecycle is crucial for implementing effective control strategies. By targeting specific stages of the lifecycle, such as disrupting egg-laying or preventing larval entry into the plant, gardeners and farmers can minimize the damage caused by these pests and protect their valuable crops.

Identifying Squash Vine Borer Damage

One of the most important steps in controlling squash vine borers is identifying their damage early on. The first sign of squash vine borer damage is often wilting or yellowing of the leaves, which can be mistaken for other problems such as drought stress or nutrient deficiencies.

Upon closer inspection, you may notice small holes or sawdust-like frass around the base of the plant or on the stem. This is a clear indication of squash vine borer activity, as the larvae bore into the stem and feed on the plant tissue.

If you suspect squash vine borer damage, carefully examine the stem for entry and exit wounds. The entry wound will be small and round, while the exit wound will be larger and more irregular in shape. You may also be able to see the larva inside the stem if you carefully slice it open.

It is important to note that squash vine borers can attack other plants in the cucurbit family, such as pumpkins and melons, so be sure to check all plants in the area for signs of damage.

Early detection is key in controlling squash vine borers, as once the larvae have burrowed deep into the stem, it is difficult to eradicate them without causing significant damage to the plant. Regular monitoring and scouting of plants is essential to catch squash vine borer activity early on.

Prevention Methods for Squash Vine Borer Infestations

Preventing squash vine borer infestations is the most effective way to manage this pest. Here are some prevention methods that can help:

  • Rotate crops: Squash vine borers can overwinter in the soil, so it’s important to rotate crops every year. Planting squash in the same spot every year can increase the likelihood of infestations.
  • Use row covers: Row covers can be used to protect squash plants from adult squash vine borers. Cover the plants when they are young and remove the covers when the plants begin to flower to allow for pollination.
  • Plant resistant varieties: Some squash varieties are more resistant to squash vine borers than others. Look for varieties such as ‘Butternut’ or ‘Acorn’ that are less susceptible to infestations.
  • Remove infested plants: If you notice any plants that are infested with squash vine borers, remove them immediately to prevent the spread of the pest.
  • Till the soil: Tilling the soil in the fall can help to expose any squash vine borer pupae that may be overwintering in the soil.
  • Use beneficial nematodes: Beneficial nematodes can be applied to the soil to control squash vine borers. These microscopic worms feed on the larvae of the pest and can reduce infestations.
  • Practice good sanitation: Keep the garden clean and free of debris to reduce the likelihood of squash vine borer infestations. Remove any plant debris at the end of the season and dispose of it properly.
  • Monitor plants regularly: Keep an eye on squash plants for any signs of squash vine borer damage. Early detection can help to prevent the spread of the pest.

By implementing these prevention methods, you can reduce the likelihood of squash vine borer infestations and keep your squash plants healthy and productive.

Organic Control Strategies for Squash Vine Borers

Organic control strategies for squash vine borers are an effective way to manage these pests without the use of harmful chemicals. These methods involve using natural substances and techniques to prevent and control squash vine borer infestations. Here are some organic control strategies for squash vine borers:

  • Row Covers: Covering your squash plants with row covers can prevent adult squash vine borers from laying their eggs on the plant stems. Row covers should be placed over the plants as soon as they are transplanted and left in place until the plants begin to flower. Be sure to remove the covers once the plants begin to flower to allow for pollination.
  • Beneficial Insects: Encouraging beneficial insects, such as parasitic wasps and tachinid flies, can help control squash vine borers. These insects lay their eggs on or in squash vine borer eggs or larvae, effectively killing them. Planting flowers that attract these beneficial insects, such as marigolds and zinnias, can help increase their population in your garden.
  • Companion Planting: Planting companion plants, such as radishes, nasturtiums, and marigolds, can help deter squash vine borers. These plants release chemicals that repel or confuse squash vine borers, making it less likely that they will lay their eggs on your squash plants.
  • Neem Oil: Neem oil is a natural insecticide derived from the neem tree. It can be sprayed on squash plants to repel squash vine borers and other pests. Neem oil should be applied in the early morning or late evening to avoid harming beneficial insects.
  • Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis): Bt is a naturally occurring soil bacterium that produces toxins that are toxic to certain insects, including squash vine borers. Bt can be applied as a spray to the leaves of squash plants to control squash vine borers. Be sure to follow the instructions on the label for proper application.
  • Handpicking: Handpicking squash vine borer eggs and larvae can be an effective way to control their population. Check your squash plants regularly for signs of squash vine borers and remove any eggs or larvae that you find. Be sure to dispose of them in a sealed plastic bag or by placing them in a bucket of soapy water.
  • Cultural Practices: Practicing good cultural practices can help prevent squash vine borer infestations. This includes rotating your crops, removing plant debris at the end of the growing season, and planting squash varieties that are resistant to squash vine borers.

By using these organic control strategies for squash vine borers, you can effectively manage these pests without harming beneficial insects or the environment. Implementing a combination of these methods can help ensure a healthy and productive squash crop.

Chemical Control Options for Squash Vine Borers

Chemical control options for squash vine borers are available for those who want to use them. However, it is important to note that these options should be used as a last resort, as they can harm beneficial insects and pollinators.

The most common chemical control option is the use of insecticides. Insecticides can be applied to the base of the plant, where the squash vine borer larvae are feeding. It is important to apply insecticides early in the season, before the larvae have a chance to do significant damage.

There are a few different types of insecticides that can be used for squash vine borers. One option is to use a systemic insecticide, which is absorbed by the plant and then ingested by the larvae as they feed. Another option is to use a contact insecticide, which kills the larvae on contact.

It is important to follow the instructions on the insecticide label carefully, and to use protective gear such as gloves and a mask when applying the insecticide. It is also important to only use insecticides that are labeled for use on squash plants, and to follow any pre-harvest intervals listed on the label.

While chemical control options can be effective, they should be used sparingly and in conjunction with other control methods such as cultural and organic control techniques. It is also important to monitor squash plants regularly for signs of squash vine borer damage, and to take action as soon as possible to prevent a full-blown infestation.

Cultural Control Techniques for Squash Vine Borers

Cultural control techniques involve modifying the growing conditions of squash plants to deter squash vine borers. These techniques are often used in combination with organic and chemical control methods to create a comprehensive management program.

One cultural control technique is to plant squash varieties that are less attractive to squash vine borers. Some varieties, such as butternut squash and Hubbard squash, have thicker stems that are more difficult for squash vine borers to penetrate. By planting these varieties, growers can reduce the likelihood of a squash vine borer infestation.

Another cultural control technique is to plant squash later in the season. Squash vine borers typically emerge in late May or early June, so planting squash in mid-June or later can reduce the risk of infestation. Additionally, planting squash in a different location each year can help to reduce the buildup of squash vine borer populations in the soil.

Growers can also use row covers to protect squash plants from squash vine borers. Row covers are lightweight fabrics that are placed over plants to create a physical barrier between the plants and the pests. Row covers should be placed over plants immediately after planting and removed once the plants begin to flower to allow for pollination.

Finally, growers can use crop rotation to reduce the risk of squash vine borer infestations. Squash should not be planted in the same location for at least three years to allow for the breakdown of any overwintering squash vine borer pupae in the soil.

The Role of Beneficial Insects in Squash Vine Borer Management

Beneficial insects play an important role in managing squash vine borers in the garden. These insects are natural predators of the squash vine borer and can help to keep their populations in check. By encouraging beneficial insects in your garden, you can reduce the need for chemical pesticides and promote a healthier garden ecosystem.

One of the most effective beneficial insects for controlling squash vine borers is the tachinid fly. These flies lay their eggs on the squash vine borer larvae, which then hatch and feed on the larvae, eventually killing them. Other beneficial insects that can help to control squash vine borers include lacewings, ladybugs, and parasitic wasps.

To encourage beneficial insects in your garden, it is important to provide them with the right habitat. This can include planting a diverse range of flowers and plants that provide nectar and pollen for adult beneficial insects, as well as providing shelter and nesting sites. Avoid using chemical pesticides and herbicides, which can kill beneficial insects as well as pests, and consider using organic gardening practices to promote a healthy and diverse ecosystem in your garden.

It is important to note that while beneficial insects can help to control squash vine borers, they may not be enough to completely eliminate the problem. Other control strategies, such as crop rotation and monitoring for signs of infestation, may also be necessary to effectively manage squash vine borers in your garden.

Alternative Squash Varieties Resistant to Squash Vine Borers

One of the most effective ways to control squash vine borers is to plant squash varieties that are resistant to them. There are several squash varieties that have been developed to resist squash vine borers, and they can be a great option for gardeners who are struggling with infestations.

One such variety is the Butternut squash. Butternut squash has a long, cylindrical shape and a tan-colored skin. It is a popular variety for its sweet, nutty flavor and its resistance to squash vine borers. Butternut squash plants are less attractive to squash vine borers than other varieties, and they are less likely to be infested.

The Seminole pumpkin is another squash variety that is resistant to squash vine borers. This variety is native to Florida and has a unique flavor that is similar to sweet potato. Seminole pumpkin plants have a tough outer skin that makes them less attractive to squash vine borers, and they are less likely to be infested.

The Acorn squash is another variety that is resistant to squash vine borers. Acorn squash has a dark green skin and a distinctive ribbed shape. It is a popular variety for its sweet, nutty flavor and its resistance to squash vine borers. Acorn squash plants are less attractive to squash vine borers than other varieties, and they are less likely to be infested.

Other squash varieties that are resistant to squash vine borers include the delicata squash, the spaghetti squash, and the zucchini. These varieties have been developed to resist squash vine borers, and they can be a great option for gardeners who are looking for a natural way to control infestations.

When planting squash varieties that are resistant to squash vine borers, it is important to remember that they are not completely immune to infestations. These varieties are simply less attractive to squash vine borers, and they are less likely to be infested. It is still important to monitor these plants for signs of infestations and to take preventative measures to keep them healthy.

Monitoring and Scouting for Squash Vine Borers

One of the most effective ways to manage squash vine borers is to monitor and scout for them regularly. By doing so, you can catch an infestation early on and take action before it becomes a major problem.

When monitoring for squash vine borers, it is important to keep an eye out for adult moths. These moths are most active in the early morning and late afternoon. They are about 1 inch long and have a metallic green body with orange markings on the abdomen. Adult moths lay eggs on the stems and leaves of squash plants, so it is important to inspect these areas closely.

You should also look for signs of squash vine borer damage. This includes wilting or yellowing leaves, sawdust-like frass near the base of the plant, and entry holes on the stem. If you notice any of these signs, it is important to act quickly to prevent further damage.

Scouting for squash vine borers involves physically inspecting the plants for eggs, larvae, and pupae. You should look for eggs on the undersides of leaves, and for larvae and pupae inside the stem. If you find any of these, you can remove them by hand or with a sharp knife. Be sure to dispose of them far away from the garden to prevent reinfestation.

It is important to monitor and scout for squash vine borers throughout the growing season, as they can cause damage at any stage of plant development. By staying vigilant and taking action when necessary, you can prevent significant damage to your squash plants and ensure a healthy harvest.

Common Misconceptions about Squash Vine Borers

Despite being a common pest in gardens and farms, there are several misconceptions about the squash vine borer that can lead to ineffective management strategies. Here are some of the most common misconceptions:

  • Misconception 1: Squash vine borers only attack squash plants.

    • While squash plants are the most commonly affected by squash vine borers, they can also infest other plants in the cucurbit family such as pumpkins, melons, and cucumbers.

  • Misconception 2: Squash vine borers only affect the leaves of plants.

    • While squash vine borers do cause damage to the leaves of plants, their primary damage is done to the stem of the plant. The larvae of the squash vine borer bore into the stem of the plant, causing wilting and eventual death.

  • Misconception 3: Squash vine borers can be controlled with insecticides alone.

    • Insecticides can be effective in controlling squash vine borers, but they should be used in conjunction with other management strategies such as crop rotation, monitoring, and cultural controls.

  • Misconception 4: Squash vine borers can be prevented by planting later in the season.

    • Squash vine borers are attracted to plants in the cucurbit family regardless of when they are planted. Planting later in the season may help avoid some of the early infestations, but it is not a foolproof prevention method.

  • Misconception 5: Squash vine borers are not a significant threat to crop yield.

    • Squash vine borers can cause significant damage to crops, leading to reduced yield and quality. It is important to implement effective management strategies to prevent and control infestations.

By understanding the true nature of squash vine borers and their behavior, growers can implement effective management strategies to protect their crops and minimize damage.

Squash Vine Borer Impact on Crop Yield and Quality

One of the most significant impacts of squash vine borers on crops is the reduction in yield and quality of the affected plants. The larvae of the squash vine borer bore into the stems of the squash plant, causing damage to the vascular system that transports nutrients and water throughout the plant. As a result, the plant may wilt and eventually die, leading to a loss of yield.

In addition to reduced yield, squash vine borer damage can also impact the quality of the squash produced. Plants that are infested with squash vine borers may produce smaller or misshapen fruit, or the fruit may be of lower quality due to reduced nutrient uptake from the damaged vascular system. This can result in a lower market value for the crop.

It is important to note that the impact of squash vine borers on crop yield and quality can vary depending on a number of factors, including the severity of the infestation, the type of squash being grown, and the overall health of the plants. As such, it is crucial for growers to monitor their crops regularly and take action to address any signs of squash vine borer infestations as soon as possible.

Effective management of squash vine borers can help to minimize the impact of these pests on crop yield and quality. By implementing prevention methods, such as crop rotation and the use of row covers, growers can reduce the likelihood of squash vine borer infestations. Organic control strategies, such as the use of beneficial insects and the application of insecticidal sprays derived from natural sources, can also be effective in managing squash vine borers.

In cases where squash vine borer infestations are severe, chemical control options may be necessary. However, it is important for growers to carefully consider the potential risks and benefits of these treatments, and to follow all safety guidelines and regulations when applying insecticides.

Ultimately, effective management of squash vine borers requires a comprehensive, integrated approach that takes into account the unique conditions and needs of each individual crop. By implementing a combination of prevention, organic control, and cultural techniques, growers can minimize the impact of squash vine borers on their crops and ensure the continued success of their operations.

Long-term Management Strategies for Squash Vine Borers

Long-term management strategies for squash vine borers involve a combination of prevention, cultural control, and biological control methods. The goal is to reduce the overall population of squash vine borers in the garden or farm, which can help to prevent future infestations and reduce crop damage.

One important long-term management strategy is crop rotation. Squash vine borers can overwinter in the soil, so rotating crops can help to disrupt their life cycle and reduce their numbers. It’s important to avoid planting squash or related crops in the same area for at least two years.

Another strategy is to use resistant squash varieties. Some squash varieties, such as Butternut and Hubbard, are less susceptible to squash vine borer damage. By planting these varieties, growers can reduce the overall impact of squash vine borers on their crops.

Introducing beneficial insects, such as parasitic wasps, can also help to control squash vine borers. These insects lay their eggs in the squash vine borer eggs or larvae, which can help to reduce their numbers. However, it’s important to avoid using broad-spectrum insecticides, which can also kill beneficial insects.

Finally, good garden or farm management practices can also help to reduce squash vine borer populations. This includes removing plant debris at the end of the season, which can reduce overwintering sites for squash vine borers. It’s also important to monitor crops regularly for signs of squash vine borer damage, so that control measures can be implemented early.

The Economic Impact of Squash Vine Borers

One of the most significant impacts of squash vine borers is on the economic value of crops. These pests can cause significant damage to the plants, leading to reduced yields and lower quality produce. Farmers and gardeners who rely on squash as a primary crop can suffer significant financial losses due to squash vine borer infestations.

The economic impact of squash vine borers can be felt in several ways. For one, the cost of controlling these pests can be quite high. Organic and chemical control methods can be expensive, especially for larger farms or gardens. Additionally, the time and labor required to monitor and manage squash vine borers can add up quickly.

Another economic impact of squash vine borers is on the marketability of squash crops. Squash that has been damaged by these pests may be unsuitable for sale or may sell for a lower price. This can be especially problematic for small farmers or gardeners who rely on direct sales at farmers’ markets or other venues.

In some cases, the economic impact of squash vine borers may lead to a reduction in the overall availability of squash. If farmers or gardeners are unable to successfully grow squash due to repeated infestations, they may be forced to switch to other crops or abandon their gardens altogether. This can lead to a decrease in the overall supply of squash, which can drive up prices for consumers.

Overall, the economic impact of squash vine borers can be significant for farmers, gardeners, and consumers alike. Effective management strategies are essential for minimizing these impacts and ensuring a stable supply of high-quality squash.

Squash Vine Borer Research and Future Developments

Despite the fact that there is no single, universally accepted method for controlling squash vine borers, researchers and growers continue to explore new and innovative ways to manage these pests.

One area of research focuses on biological control, or the use of natural enemies to control pest populations. Scientists are studying how to attract and maintain populations of beneficial insects that prey on squash vine borers, such as parasitic wasps and tachinid flies. By using these natural enemies, growers can reduce their reliance on chemical pesticides and create a more sustainable, eco-friendly approach to pest management.

Another area of research involves the development of new squash varieties that are resistant to squash vine borers. Researchers are working to identify genetic markers in squash plants that are associated with resistance to the pest, and then using this information to breed new varieties that are less susceptible to infestation. This approach has the potential to provide a long-term solution to squash vine borer management, as resistant varieties could eventually become the norm in the industry.

Finally, researchers are exploring the use of new technologies, such as pheromone traps, to monitor and manage squash vine borer populations. Pheromone traps use synthetic versions of the sex pheromones produced by female squash vine borers to attract and trap male moths, which can help growers determine when and where to apply control measures. This technology has the potential to revolutionize squash vine borer management by providing growers with more accurate and timely information about pest populations.

Overall, the future of squash vine borer management looks promising, as researchers continue to develop new and innovative ways to control these pests. By combining traditional management methods with new technologies and sustainable practices, growers can reduce the impact of squash vine borers on their crops and ensure a healthy, abundant harvest for years to come.

Common Questions and Answers about Squash Vine Borers

Q: What plants are most commonly affected by squash vine borers?

A: Squash vine borers primarily target plants in the Cucurbitaceae family, including squash, pumpkin, and zucchini. However, they may also infest other plants such as gourds and cucumbers.

Q: What are the signs of a squash vine borer infestation?

A: The most obvious sign of a squash vine borer infestation is wilting or drooping of the plant. Other signs include holes or sawdust-like frass near the base of the stem, and the presence of the adult moth or its eggs on the plant.

Q: How can I prevent squash vine borer infestations?

A: There are several prevention methods that can be used to reduce the likelihood of squash vine borer infestations. These include crop rotation, using row covers, and planting resistant varieties. Additionally, maintaining a healthy garden with proper irrigation and fertilization can help plants resist damage from pests.

Q: What are some organic control strategies for squash vine borers?

A: Organic control strategies for squash vine borers include using beneficial insects such as parasitic wasps and tachinid flies, handpicking and destroying eggs and larvae, and applying natural insecticides such as neem oil or spinosad.

Q: Are there chemical control options for squash vine borers?

A: Yes, there are chemical control options for squash vine borers such as carbaryl or permethrin. However, it is important to use these chemicals according to the label instructions and to avoid spraying when bees are present to prevent harm to beneficial pollinators.

Q: What are some cultural control techniques for squash vine borers?

A: Cultural control techniques for squash vine borers include removing and destroying infested plants, burying the base of the stem to encourage secondary root growth, and pruning the plant to remove damaged sections.

Q: Can beneficial insects be used to manage squash vine borers?

A: Yes, beneficial insects such as parasitic wasps and tachinid flies can be used to manage squash vine borers by parasitizing or laying eggs on the larvae. Additionally, planting flowers and other plants that attract beneficial insects can help increase their presence in the garden.

Q: Are there alternative squash varieties that are resistant to squash vine borers?

A: Yes, there are several alternative squash varieties that have been bred for resistance to squash vine borers, including Butternut, Seminole, and Tromboncino. These varieties may still be susceptible to other pests and diseases, however.

Q: How can I monitor for squash vine borers?

A: Monitoring for squash vine borers can involve regularly inspecting plants for signs of damage, using pheromone traps to capture adult moths, and using sticky traps to capture adult moths and other flying insects.

Q: What is the economic impact of squash vine borers?

A: Squash vine borers can have a significant economic impact on commercial and home garden crops. Infestations can lead to reduced crop yield and quality, as well as increased costs for pest management.

Q: What are some long-term management strategies for squash vine borers?

A: Long-term management strategies for squash vine borers include using crop rotation, planting resistant varieties, and maintaining a healthy garden with proper irrigation and fertilization. Additionally, reducing the use of pesticides and promoting beneficial insects can help create a more balanced ecosystem in the garden.

Q: What are some common misconceptions about squash vine borers?

A: One common misconception about squash vine borers is that they only affect squash plants. In reality, they can also infest other plants in the Cucurbitaceae family. Another misconception is that pesticides are always necessary to control squash vine borers, when in fact there are many organic and cultural control options available.

Q: What is the lifecycle of the squash vine borer?

A: The squash vine borer undergoes a complete metamorphosis, starting as an egg laid on the plant by an adult moth. The egg hatches into a larva, which burrows into the stem of the plant and feeds on the interior tissue. The larva pupates inside the stem, and eventually emerges as an adult moth to mate and lay eggs on new plants.

Q: What is the impact of squash vine borers on crop yield and quality?

A: Squash vine borers can have a significant impact on crop yield and quality by causing wilting, reduced fruit production, and damage to the stem and root system. Infested plants may also be more susceptible to other pests and diseases.

Q: What is the current state of research on squash vine borers?

A: Research on squash vine borers is ongoing, with a focus on developing new control strategies, understanding the biology and behavior of the pest, and identifying resistant plant varieties. Some promising areas of research include the use of RNA interference to disrupt the pest’s development, and the use of trap crops to lure adult moths away from valuable crops.