Illustration of a magnified Varroa mite on a honey bee, with hive in the background. Visual comparison showing the mite's size relative to the bee. Depicts beekeepers using natural treatments.

Varroa Mite: The Threat to Honey Bees and How to Fight It

 2023-06-12
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Introduction to Varroa Mites

In recent years, honey bees have faced numerous challenges that threaten their survival and, consequently, the essential role they play in our ecosystem. Among these challenges, the Varroa mite (Varroa destructor) stands out as a significant threat to honey bee colonies worldwide. These tiny, parasitic mites have become the scourge of beekeepers and a critical factor in the declining health of honey bee populations.

Varroa mites are external parasites that feed on the blood of adult honey bees and their developing brood. Originally found in Asia, these mites have spread across the globe, infesting honey bee colonies and causing devastating losses. The mites not only weaken the bees and their developing offspring but also transmit viruses and diseases that can lead to the collapse of entire colonies.

Understanding the biology, life cycle, and impact of Varroa mites on honey bees is crucial for developing effective strategies to combat this pervasive threat. Beekeepers, researchers, and concerned citizens must work together to develop and implement sustainable solutions to protect our precious honey bees and the vital pollination services they provide.

In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the world of Varroa mites, exploring their life cycle, the damage they cause to honey bees, and the various methods available to control their populations. We will also discuss the role of beekeepers and the global community in fighting this dangerous parasite, as well as the latest research and innovations in Varroa mite control. By understanding the threat posed by Varroa mites and the strategies available to combat them, we can work together to ensure a healthy future for our honey bees and the ecosystems they support.

Table of contents

Life Cycle of Varroa Mites

Understanding the life cycle of Varroa mites is crucial in order to effectively combat these parasites that pose a significant threat to honey bees. The life cycle of Varroa mites consists of two primary phases: the phoretic phase and the reproductive phase.

The Phoretic Phase: During this phase, the adult female Varroa mites, known as foundresses, attach themselves to adult honey bees, primarily nurse bees. They feed on the bees’ hemolymph, which is the blood equivalent in insects. The mites use their mouthparts to puncture the bee’s exoskeleton and consume the hemolymph for nourishment. This phase can last anywhere from a few days to several weeks, depending on factors such as the availability of brood cells and the mite’s reproductive status.

The Reproductive Phase: This phase begins when a foundress mite enters a brood cell containing a developing bee larva just before the cell is capped by worker bees. Once inside the cell, the mite hides beneath the larval bee and waits for the cell to be capped. After the cell is capped, the foundress mite lays her first egg, which is typically a male, followed by several female eggs. The male mite mates with his sisters inside the cell, and the newly fertilized female mites feed on the developing bee pupa.

The developing bee is severely weakened by the feeding mites, which can lead to deformities, reduced lifespan, and even death. Once the adult bee emerges from the cell, the mated female mites, now called deutonymphs, exit the cell and enter the phoretic phase, attaching themselves to adult bees and repeating the cycle. The male mite and any unmated female mites die inside the brood cell.

The entire life cycle of Varroa mites takes approximately 10 to 14 days for worker bee brood and 14 to 21 days for drone brood. Drone brood is more attractive to Varroa mites due to the longer development time, allowing for more female mites to mature and mate.

By gaining a comprehensive understanding of the life cycle of Varroa mites, beekeepers and researchers can develop targeted methods to disrupt the mites’ reproduction and reduce their impact on honey bee colonies. Implementing effective control strategies is essential in the fight against these destructive parasites and the preservation of honey bee health worldwide.

The Impact of Varroa Mites on Honey Bees

Varroa mites have a significant impact on honey bees, as they are one of the most destructive pests that affect bee colonies. The mites feed on the bees’ hemolymph, which is the equivalent of blood in insects, weakening the bees and making them more susceptible to diseases and other pests.

Varroa mites also transmit viruses to honey bees, such as deformed wing virus, which can cause deformities in the bees’ wings and lead to their premature death. This virus can spread rapidly throughout a colony, leading to a significant reduction in the number of adult bees and a decline in honey production.

The impact of Varroa mites on honey bees can also be seen in the brood, or developing bees. The mites can infest the brood cells, feeding on the developing bees and causing deformities or death. This can lead to a reduction in the number of healthy adult bees, further weakening the colony.

Overall, Varroa mites have a devastating impact on honey bee populations, and their effects can be felt not only in the immediate loss of bees but also in the long-term decline of the colony.

Symptoms of Varroa Mite Infestation

Varroa mites are external parasites that feed on honey bees. They are a major threat to the health and survival of honey bee colonies worldwide. Varroa mites are known to transmit viruses and weaken honey bees, making them more susceptible to other diseases and pests.

Infestations of Varroa mites can have serious consequences for honey bee colonies. Here are some common symptoms of Varroa mite infestations:

  • Deformed wings: Honey bees with Varroa mite infestations may have deformed wings. This is because the mites feed on the developing bees while they are still in the pupal stage, which can cause physical deformities.
  • Reduced lifespan: Honey bees with Varroa mite infestations tend to have shorter lifespans than healthy bees. This is because the mites weaken the bees and make them more susceptible to other diseases and pests.
  • Reduced honey production: Honey bee colonies with Varroa mite infestations tend to produce less honey than healthy colonies. This is because the mites weaken the bees and reduce their overall productivity.
  • Increased aggression: Honey bees with Varroa mite infestations may become more aggressive than healthy bees. This is because the mites can cause physical discomfort and stress for the bees.
  • Visible mites: Varroa mites are small and difficult to see, but they can sometimes be spotted on adult bees or in the brood cells of the hive.

If you notice any of these symptoms in your honey bee colonies, it is important to take action to control the Varroa mite infestation. There are a variety of methods available for controlling Varroa mites, including natural predators, chemical treatments, and non-chemical methods like integrated pest management.

Natural Predators of Varroa Mites

Varroa mites are a major threat to honey bees and their colonies. These parasitic mites feed on the hemolymph or blood of honey bees, weakening them and making them vulnerable to diseases and infections. While chemical control methods have been developed to combat Varroa mites, they can lead to resistance and have negative impacts on the environment and the health of bees.

One alternative to chemical control methods is the use of natural predators of Varroa mites. These predators can help to control the Varroa mite population in honey bee colonies and reduce the need for chemical treatments.

One natural predator of Varroa mites is the western honey bee itself. Honey bees have developed a grooming behavior where they remove Varroa mites from their bodies and destroy them. However, this behavior is not always effective, especially when the Varroa mite population is high.

Another natural predator of Varroa mites is the phoretic mite, Stratiolaelaps scimitus. This mite is a predator of Varroa mites and can help to control their population in honey bee colonies. However, research is still ongoing to determine the effectiveness of this predator in reducing Varroa mite infestations.

The use of essential oils such as thyme, eucalyptus, and wintergreen can also help to control Varroa mite populations in honey bee colonies. These oils have been shown to have acaricidal properties, meaning they can kill mites. However, caution must be taken when using essential oils as they can also harm honey bees if used in high concentrations.

Another natural predator of Varroa mites is the predatory mite, Neoseiulus californicus. This mite feeds on Varroa mites and can help to control their population in honey bee colonies. However, research is still ongoing to determine the effectiveness of this predator in reducing Varroa mite infestations.

Overall, the use of natural predators of Varroa mites can be an effective alternative to chemical control methods. However, more research is needed to determine the effectiveness of these predators in reducing Varroa mite infestations and to develop sustainable and effective integrated pest management strategies for honey bee colonies.

Chemical Control Methods for Varroa Mites

Varroa mites are a significant threat to honey bees and can cause significant damage to hives if left unchecked. While there are natural predators of Varroa mites, chemical control methods are often necessary to protect honey bee colonies from infestations.

Chemical control methods for Varroa mites include the use of pesticides and miticides. These chemicals can be applied in a variety of ways, including through the use of strips, sprays, and powders. However, it is important to note that the use of chemicals can have negative effects on the bees themselves and can also lead to the development of resistance in Varroa mites.

One commonly used chemical for Varroa mite control is fluvalinate, which is found in strips that can be placed in hives. Another popular option is coumaphos, which can be applied as a spray or in the form of a strip. However, both of these chemicals have been found to have negative effects on bees and can also lead to the development of resistance in Varroa mites.

It is important to use chemical control methods for Varroa mites only as a last resort and to follow all instructions carefully to minimize the negative effects on honey bees. Beekeepers should also rotate the use of different chemicals to prevent the development of resistance in Varroa mites.

It is also important to note that chemical control methods should be used in conjunction with other control methods, such as natural predators and integrated pest management strategies, for the best results.

Organic and Non-Chemical Control Methods

Varroa mites are a major threat to honey bees and can cause significant damage to hives if left untreated. While chemical control methods are effective, they can also have negative impacts on honey bee health and the environment. That’s why many beekeepers are turning to organic and non-chemical control methods to combat Varroa mite infestations.

One effective organic method is the use of essential oils, such as thyme, wintergreen, and tea tree oil. These oils can be applied to the hive in different ways, such as through a vaporizer or by adding them to sugar syrup. The oils work by suffocating the mites and disrupting their reproduction. However, it’s important to use the oils correctly and in the right amount, as too much can harm the bees.

Another organic method is the use of powdered sugar. This method involves dusting the bees with powdered sugar, which causes them to groom themselves and each other, dislodging the mites in the process. While this method is not as effective as chemical treatments, it is a safe and natural way to control Varroa mites.

Non-chemical control methods include the use of screened bottom boards, which can prevent mites from entering the hive, and drone brood removal, which involves cutting out drone brood (where Varroa mites prefer to lay their eggs) and replacing it with worker brood. This method can be time-consuming but is effective in reducing mite populations.

It’s important to note that organic and non-chemical control methods may not be as effective as chemical treatments and may require more frequent monitoring and application. However, they are a safer and more sustainable option for beekeepers who are committed to protecting honey bee health and the environment.

Integrated Pest Management for Varroa Mites

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for Varroa Mites is a holistic approach to controlling Varroa Mite infestations in honey bee colonies. It involves combining various methods to manage the pest population and minimize the use of chemical treatments.

The first step in IPM is monitoring for Varroa Mite infestations. Beekeepers can use various methods to monitor the mite population, such as sticky boards, alcohol washes, and drone brood removal. By regularly monitoring the colony, beekeepers can detect Varroa Mite infestations early and take appropriate action.

The second step is to use non-chemical control methods, such as drone brood trapping, screened bottom boards, and powdered sugar dusting. These methods can help reduce the Varroa Mite population without the use of chemicals.

If chemical treatments are necessary, the third step is to use them judiciously and according to label instructions. Beekeepers should rotate chemical treatments to prevent the mites from developing resistance to a particular treatment.

Another important aspect of IPM is to maintain strong and healthy honey bee colonies. Strong colonies are better able to withstand Varroa Mite infestations and other stressors. Beekeepers can maintain strong colonies by providing adequate nutrition, reducing stress factors, and practicing good hive management techniques.

Finally, beekeepers should regularly evaluate the effectiveness of their IPM program and make adjustments as necessary. This may involve changing monitoring methods, adjusting chemical treatments, or implementing new non-chemical control methods.

Overall, IPM for Varroa Mites is a comprehensive approach to managing Varroa Mite infestations in honey bee colonies. By combining various methods and focusing on colony health, beekeepers can effectively control Varroa Mite populations while minimizing the use of chemicals.

Preventive Measures to Protect Honey Bees

Preventive measures are important for protecting honey bees from the threat of Varroa mites. Some of the most effective preventive measures include:

  • Regular hive inspections: Beekeepers should inspect their hives regularly to check for signs of Varroa mite infestations. This can help catch infestations early and prevent them from spreading.
  • Hygienic bees: Some bee breeds are naturally more hygienic and better at grooming themselves, which can help prevent Varroa mites from taking hold in the hive. Beekeepers can select for these traits when choosing their bees.
  • Screened bottom boards: Using screened bottom boards on hives can help prevent Varroa mites from entering the hive and can also help with mite control.
  • Integrated pest management: An integrated pest management (IPM) approach involves using a combination of preventive measures, non-chemical control methods, and chemical control methods to manage Varroa mites and other pests. This approach can help reduce the use of chemicals and promote honey bee health.
  • Clean equipment: Beekeepers should clean and sterilize their equipment between uses to prevent the spread of Varroa mites and other pests.
  • Proper nutrition: Honey bees need a balanced diet to stay healthy and strong. Providing them with a diverse range of flowers and plants to forage from can help ensure they get the nutrients they need.
  • Reducing stress: Stress can weaken honey bee colonies and make them more vulnerable to Varroa mite infestations. Beekeepers should take steps to reduce stress on their colonies, such as avoiding frequent hive inspections and keeping the hive in a quiet, sheltered location.
  • Education: Educating beekeepers and the public about Varroa mites and their impact on honey bees can help raise awareness and promote effective management strategies.

By taking these preventive measures, beekeepers can help protect their honey bees from the threat of Varroa mites and promote healthy, thriving colonies.

Monitoring for Varroa Mite Infestations

Monitoring for Varroa mite infestations is an essential part of beekeeping. Early detection of Varroa mites can help prevent the spread of the infestation and save the honey bee colony. There are several methods for monitoring Varroa mites in a honey bee colony, including:

  • Sticky Board: A sticky board is a piece of cardboard or plastic coated with a sticky substance that traps Varroa mites as they fall off the bees. The board is placed on the bottom of the hive and left for a period of time. The number of mites on the board is then counted and used to determine the level of infestation.
  • Sugar Roll: The sugar roll method involves taking a sample of bees and shaking them in a container with powdered sugar. The sugar dislodges the mites from the bees, and the mites can then be counted.
  • Alcohol Wash: The alcohol wash method involves taking a sample of bees and washing them in a container with rubbing alcohol. The alcohol kills the bees and mites, and the mites can then be counted.
  • Drone Brood Monitoring: Varroa mites prefer to infest drone brood cells, so monitoring the level of mites in drone brood cells can give an indication of the level of infestation in the colony.

It is recommended to monitor Varroa mites at least once a month during the active season, and more frequently during the fall and winter months when Varroa mite populations can increase rapidly.

Once an infestation is detected, it is important to take action to control the Varroa mite population. There are several chemical and non-chemical methods for controlling Varroa mites, including:

  • Chemical Treatments: Chemical treatments involve using pesticides to kill Varroa mites. However, it is important to use these treatments carefully and follow the manufacturer’s instructions to avoid harming the honey bees.
  • Non-Chemical Treatments: Non-chemical treatments involve using natural substances, such as essential oils or organic acids, to control Varroa mites.
  • Integrated Pest Management: Integrated Pest Management (IPM) involves using a combination of methods to control Varroa mites while minimizing the impact on the honey bees. This can include using both chemical and non-chemical treatments, as well as implementing preventive measures to reduce the risk of infestation.

Regular monitoring and control of Varroa mites is essential for maintaining the health and productivity of honey bee colonies. Beekeepers play a critical role in monitoring and controlling Varroa mites, and it is important to stay informed about the latest research and innovations in Varroa mite control.

The Role of Beekeepers in Combating Varroa Mites

Beekeepers play a crucial role in combating Varroa mites and protecting the health of honey bees. There are several steps that beekeepers can take to prevent and control Varroa mite infestations:

  • Regular monitoring: Beekeepers should regularly monitor their hives for signs of Varroa mite infestations. This can be done using sticky boards, alcohol washes, or other methods. Regular monitoring allows beekeepers to catch Varroa mite infestations early and take action before they become a serious problem.
  • Integrated pest management: Beekeepers can use integrated pest management (IPM) techniques to control Varroa mites. IPM involves using a combination of control methods, including natural predators, chemical treatments, and non-chemical methods. By using a variety of control methods, beekeepers can reduce the risk of Varroa mite resistance to chemical treatments.
  • Chemical treatments: Beekeepers can use chemical treatments to control Varroa mites. However, it is important to use these treatments responsibly and according to label instructions. Overuse of chemical treatments can lead to Varroa mite resistance and harm the health of honey bees.
  • Natural predators: Beekeepers can also use natural predators, such as predatory mites and nematodes, to control Varroa mites. These natural predators can be introduced into the hive and help to keep Varroa mite populations under control.
  • Non-chemical methods: There are several non-chemical methods that beekeepers can use to control Varroa mites. These include drone trapping, queen trapping, and brood interruption. These methods help to break the Varroa mite life cycle and reduce the number of mites in the hive.
  • Hive management: Beekeepers can also take steps to improve the overall health of their hives, which can help to reduce the risk of Varroa mite infestations. This includes providing a clean and dry hive environment, ensuring that hives have adequate ventilation, and providing bees with a diverse and nutritious diet.

By taking these steps, beekeepers can help to protect the health of honey bees and combat the threat of Varroa mites. It is important for beekeepers to stay informed about the latest research and innovations in Varroa mite control, and to work together to share knowledge and best practices.

The Importance of Honey Bee Health

As pollinators, honey bees play a crucial role in agriculture and ecosystem health. In fact, it is estimated that one-third of the food we eat depends on pollination by bees, including almonds, apples, blueberries, and many other fruits, vegetables, and nuts.

However, honey bee health is threatened by a variety of factors, including habitat loss, pesticide exposure, and disease.

Varroa mites, in particular, are a major threat to the health of honey bees. These parasitic mites feed on the blood of adult bees and their developing brood, weakening the bees and making them more vulnerable to other diseases and pests.

When left untreated, varroa mite infestations can lead to the collapse of entire honey bee colonies, which can have serious implications for agriculture and the environment.

That’s why it’s so important to take steps to protect honey bee health, including monitoring for varroa mite infestations and using effective control methods to keep mite populations in check.

Beekeepers also play a critical role in promoting honey bee health. By providing bees with a clean and healthy environment, feeding them a balanced diet, and managing mite infestations, beekeepers can help ensure the survival of their colonies.

Additionally, researchers and innovators are constantly working to develop new and more effective ways to control varroa mites and other threats to honey bee health.

Ultimately, protecting honey bee health is not only important for the survival of these fascinating and important insects, but also for the health of our planet and the continued production of the food we rely on.

Research and Innovations in Varroa Mite Control

Varroa mites have been a significant threat to honey bee populations for several decades, and researchers and beekeepers have been working tirelessly to find new and innovative ways to control their spread. While chemical treatments have been the most popular method of control in the past, recent years have seen a shift towards more natural and non-chemical approaches to managing varroa mite infestations.

One promising area of research has been the use of essential oils to control varroa mites. Essential oils are extracted from plants and have long been used in aromatherapy and other natural health practices. Some studies have shown that certain essential oils, such as thyme and oregano, have strong anti-varroa properties and can be effective at controlling mite populations.

Another area of research has been the use of RNA interference (RNAi) to control varroa mites. RNAi is a natural process that cells use to regulate gene expression, and researchers have been exploring ways to use this process to target specific genes in varroa mites and disrupt their life cycle. While this approach is still in the experimental stage, it shows promise as a potential alternative to chemical treatments.

Researchers have also been exploring the use of selective breeding to develop honey bee colonies that are more resistant to varroa mites. By selectively breeding bees that exhibit traits such as grooming behavior and hygienic behavior, researchers hope to develop colonies that are better equipped to manage varroa mite infestations.

Finally, advances in technology have made it easier for beekeepers to monitor varroa mite populations and take action before infestations become too severe. Tools such as digital microscopes and smartphone apps can help beekeepers quickly and accurately assess mite populations and determine the best course of action.

While there is still much work to be done in the fight against varroa mites, these and other research efforts are providing hope for the future of honey bee populations. By continuing to explore new and innovative approaches to varroa mite control, we can help ensure the health and survival of these important pollinators.

The Global Impact of Varroa Mites on Beekeeping

Varroa mites have had a significant impact on beekeeping worldwide. The mites have been identified as one of the primary contributors to colony collapse disorder, a phenomenon in which entire bee colonies die off. This has led to a decline in the number of honey bees, which has had far-reaching consequences for agriculture and food production.

The global impact of Varroa mites on beekeeping is particularly severe in areas where beekeeping is a significant industry. In the United States, for example, beekeeping is responsible for pollinating crops worth more than $15 billion annually. The decline in honey bee populations due to Varroa mites has put this industry at risk.

Similarly, in Europe, where beekeeping has a long history and is deeply ingrained in many cultures, the impact of Varroa mites has been significant. In some areas, the mites have caused the loss of up to 90% of honey bee colonies. This has had a significant impact on local ecosystems, as honey bees are important pollinators for many wild plants and crops.

Varroa mites have also had an impact on beekeeping in developing countries, where honey bees are an important source of income and nutrition. In many areas, beekeeping is a traditional practice that has been passed down through generations. The loss of honey bee colonies due to Varroa mites has had a devastating impact on these communities.

Efforts to combat Varroa mites and protect honey bee populations are ongoing. Researchers and beekeepers around the world are working to develop new and innovative methods for controlling Varroa mites, including natural predators, chemical treatments, and integrated pest management strategies. These efforts are critical to the future of beekeeping and to ensuring the health and well-being of honey bee populations worldwide.

Common Questions and Answers About Varroa Mites

What are Varroa mites?

Varroa mites are external parasites that infest and feed on honey bees. They are considered one of the biggest threats to honey bee health worldwide. The mites are small, reddish-brown arachnids that attach themselves to the bees and suck their blood. They reproduce on the bees and their brood, weakening the bees and spreading viruses that can lead to colony collapse.

How do Varroa mites affect honey bees?

Varroa mites weaken honey bees by feeding on their blood and transmitting viruses. This can lead to reduced lifespan, decreased immune function, and decreased honey production. Infested colonies can experience high rates of winter mortality and reduced population growth, which can ultimately lead to colony collapse.

What are the symptoms of Varroa mite infestation?

Symptoms of Varroa mite infestation include deformed wings, a reduced lifespan of adult bees, a decrease in brood production, and a decrease in honey production. Infested bees may also exhibit abnormal behavior, such as crawling on the ground in front of the hive or clustering on the frames.

What are some natural predators of Varroa mites?

Natural predators of Varroa mites include certain species of bees, such as the Cape honey bee and the Asian honey bee, as well as some mite-specific phoretic mites, such as the predatory mite Stratiolaelaps scimitus. However, these predators are not a reliable means of controlling Varroa mite infestations.

What are some chemical control methods for Varroa mites?

Chemical control methods for Varroa mites include the use of acaricides, which are pesticides specifically designed to kill mites. These can be applied in the form of strips, sprays, or dusts. However, the use of acaricides can lead to the development of resistance in the mites and can also contaminate the honey and wax.

What are some organic and non-chemical control methods for Varroa mites?

Organic and non-chemical control methods for Varroa mites include the use of essential oils, such as thymol and menthol, as well as the use of powdered sugar dusting, drone brood removal, and the use of screened bottom boards. These methods are generally less effective than chemical control methods but are safer for the bees and the environment.

What is integrated pest management for Varroa mites?

Integrated pest management for Varroa mites involves the use of multiple control methods in a coordinated and strategic manner. This may include the use of chemical, organic, and non-chemical methods, as well as the implementation of preventive measures and regular monitoring for mite infestations.

What are some preventive measures to protect honey bees from Varroa mites?

Preventive measures to protect honey bees from Varroa mites include the use of screened bottom boards, regular monitoring for mite infestations, the removal of drone brood, and the use of resistant bee strains. It is also important to maintain strong and healthy colonies through proper nutrition and hive management.

What is the role of beekeepers in combating Varroa mites?

Beekeepers play a critical role in combating Varroa mites by implementing integrated pest management strategies, monitoring for mite infestations, and maintaining strong and healthy colonies. They can also participate in research and innovation efforts aimed at developing new and more effective control methods.

Why is honey bee health important?

Honey bee health is important because honey bees are critical pollinators of many crops and wild plants. They are responsible for pollinating an estimated one-third of all food crops worldwide. Healthy honey bee populations are essential for maintaining global food security and biodiversity.

What are some research and innovation efforts aimed at controlling Varroa mites?

Research and innovation efforts aimed at controlling Varroa mites include the development of new chemical and non-chemical control methods, the breeding of Varroa-resistant bee strains, and the use of genetic engineering to create mite-resistant bees. There is also ongoing research into the biology and behavior of Varroa mites in order to better understand their impact on honey bee health.

What is the global impact of Varroa mites on beekeeping?

Varroa mites have had a significant impact on beekeeping worldwide, with many regions experiencing high rates of colony losses and decreased honey production. This has led to economic losses for beekeepers and has also had broader implications for global food security and biodiversity.

How can I monitor my hives for Varroa mite infestations?

There are several methods for monitoring hives for Varroa mite infestations, including the use of sticky boards, alcohol washes, and sugar shakes. These methods involve collecting and counting mites from the bees or the hive debris. It is important to monitor regularly in order to detect infestations early and take appropriate action.

Can Varroa mites be completely eliminated?

Varroa mites cannot be completely eliminated, but their populations can be managed through effective control methods and preventive measures. It is important to maintain vigilance and take action promptly in order to prevent infestations from becoming severe and causing colony collapse.