Illustration of a magnified chigger on a bed, a person with visible bite marks, and a professional exterminator spraying a bedroom.

Chiggers in Bed: Identification, Bites, and Control

 2023-05-29
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Introduction to Chiggers

It is a truth universally acknowledged that the presence of Chiggers in one’s abode is an unwelcome disturbance to the tranquility of domestic life. These minute arachnids, belonging to the family Trombiculidae, are known for their propensity to cause great discomfort and vexation to those unfortunate enough to encounter them. Though they are more commonly found in grassy fields and wooded areas, Chiggers may, on occasion, find their way into one’s bed, leading to a most distressing situation.

Chiggers, or harvest mites as they are sometimes called, are the larval stage of a particular species of mite. These diminutive creatures are nearly invisible to the naked eye, measuring a mere 0.4 millimeters in length. They possess a reddish hue, which may render them somewhat more discernible when they gather in large numbers. It is the larval stage of the Chigger’s life cycle that is of greatest concern to humans, for it is during this time that they seek out a host upon which to feed.

Though the Chigger’s preference is for the blood of small mammals and birds, they will not hesitate to partake of a human host when the opportunity arises. Their method of feeding is a curious one, as they do not pierce the skin and suck blood like many other biting insects. Instead, they attach themselves to the skin and inject a digestive enzyme that breaks down the host’s tissue, which they then consume.

It is this feeding process that causes the intense itching and irritation commonly associated with Chigger bites. In the following sections, we shall endeavor to provide a comprehensive guide to the identification, treatment, and control of Chiggers in one’s bed, so that you may be better equipped to maintain the sanctity of your sleeping quarters and protect your person from these most vexatious creatures.

Table of contents

Identifying Chiggers in Your Bed

Upon suspecting the presence of chiggers within one’s sleeping chamber, it becomes an imperative task to accurately identify these vexing creatures. Chiggers, scientifically known as Trombiculidae, are minute, red-hued arachnids, typically measuring a mere 0.3 to 0.4 millimeters in length. Their diminutive stature renders them nigh imperceptible to the naked eye, and thus, a magnifying glass may prove a valuable instrument in one’s quest for chigger identification.

As members of the arachnid family, chiggers possess eight legs in their larval stage, which is the stage during which they are most likely to be found in one’s bed. Their colour may vary from a vibrant red to a more subdued orange or yellow hue. Chiggers are most commonly encountered in outdoor environments, such as grassy fields and forests, where they dwell upon vegetation, awaiting the arrival of a suitable host. It is therefore rather uncommon to discover them within one’s bed; however, such an occurrence is not beyond the realm of possibility, as chiggers may be inadvertently transported indoors on clothing, pets, or other items.

To ascertain whether chiggers have indeed taken up residence in one’s bed, one may employ the following methods of detection:

  1. Visual Inspection: Utilize a magnifying glass to closely examine the bedding, focusing particularly on seams, folds, and crevices. Chiggers may be observed as minuscule, reddish specks, often clustered together.
  2. Bedding Discoloration: Chiggers may leave behind tiny, reddish-brown fecal spots on bed linens, which may serve as an indication of their presence.
  3. Unexplained Bites: If one awakens to discover small, itchy, red welts upon the skin, this may be symptomatic of chigger bites, and thus, suggestive of their presence in the bed.

It is crucial to bear in mind that other insects, such as bed bugs or fleas, may produce similar signs and symptoms. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to conduct a thorough investigation, in order to accurately identify the source of one’s distress, and to subsequently implement the most efficacious methods of control.

Chigger Bites: Symptoms and Treatment

It is of utmost importance that one be acquainted with the symptoms and treatment of chigger bites, as these minute creatures may cause great discomfort and irritation, should they choose to make their presence known in one’s bed. The chiggers, being the larvae of the Trombiculidae family, possess a propensity for feasting upon the skin of their unsuspecting hosts, thus leading to the formation of welts and rashes.

The symptoms of chigger bites are often characterized by an intense itching sensation, which may be accompanied by red, inflamed, and raised areas on the skin. These areas, commonly referred to as papules, are often concentrated in locations where the skin is thin or tender, such as the ankles, waist, groin, or behind the knees. The itching sensation may persist for several days, and may be exacerbated by the act of scratching, which can lead to secondary infections if not attended to with the utmost care and diligence.

Upon the suspicion of having fallen victim to a chigger bite, it is imperative that one commences with the appropriate course of treatment. The first step in this process is to cleanse the affected area thoroughly with soap and water, in order to remove any remaining chiggers that may yet be attached to the skin. Following this, one may apply over-the-counter anti-itch creams or ointments, such as hydrocortisone or calamine lotion, to alleviate the itch and reduce inflammation. Oral antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine, may also be employed to provide relief from itching and swelling.

In cases where the chigger bites have resulted in the formation of blisters, it is advisable to refrain from puncturing them, as this may exacerbate the risk of infection. Instead, one may apply a bandage to protect the area and allow it to heal naturally. Should the symptoms persist or worsen, or if signs of infection become apparent, it is of the utmost importance that one consult with a medical professional for further guidance and treatment.

It is worth noting that, while the chiggers themselves do not transmit diseases to humans, the act of scratching the affected areas may introduce bacteria and other pathogens into the skin, thereby increasing the risk of infection. As such, it is essential that one practice good hygiene and resist the urge to scratch, in order to minimize the potential for complications arising from chigger bites.

Preventing Chigger Infestations in Your Home

It is of utmost importance to take proper measures in order to avert the unwelcome presence of chiggers within the sanctity of one’s abode. By adhering to the following guidelines, one may greatly reduce the likelihood of encountering these vexatious creatures in the home.

First and foremost, maintain a scrupulously clean environment within your dwelling. Regularly vacuum carpets, rugs, and upholstered furniture to eliminate any potential harborage for chiggers. Pay particular attention to the areas beneath beds and furniture, as these oft-neglected spaces may inadvertently provide a haven for these minuscule pests.

Additionally, it is essential to launder all bed linens, including sheets, pillowcases, and blankets, on a frequent basis. Employ the use of hot water and a high-temperature dryer setting to ensure the extermination of any chiggers that may have found their way into your bedclothes. Furthermore, consider encasing your mattress and pillows in protective covers designed to thwart the ingress of dust mites and other allergens, as these barriers may also prove effective in deterring chiggers.

Outside the home, focus on eliminating potential breeding grounds for chiggers. Keep your lawn well-trimmed and free of excess vegetation, as chiggers are known to thrive in tall grasses and dense foliage. Remove any leaf litter, brush piles, or other organic debris from your property, as these materials can provide an attractive habitat for chiggers and their hosts.

Another measure to consider is the application of insect repellents to your person and clothing when venturing outdoors, particularly in areas where chiggers are known to be prevalent. Products containing DEET, picaridin, or oil of lemon eucalyptus have been demonstrated to be efficacious in repelling chiggers and may aid in preventing them from hitching a ride into your home upon your return.

In conclusion, by adhering to these preventative measures, one may greatly diminish the likelihood of experiencing a chigger infestation within the home. Diligence in maintaining a clean and well-tended environment both indoors and out shall serve to protect your abode from these unwelcome interlopers, ensuring a peaceful and chigger-free existence for you and your loved ones.

Effective Chigger Control Methods

It is of utmost importance to address the matter of chiggers in one’s abode with expediency and efficacy, for these diminutive pests have a propensity to proliferate and cause great discomfort to the inhabitants. In this section, we shall delve into the methods by which one may effectively control the presence of chiggers within one’s dwelling.

First and foremost, one must ensure that the environment in and around one’s home is inhospitable to these vexatious creatures. Chiggers thrive in moist, overgrown areas with tall grasses and weeds. It is, therefore, essential to maintain the garden and yard in a manner that is both neat and trim. Regularly mowing the lawn, pruning shrubbery, and removing any debris or vegetation that may provide shelter for chiggers is a prudent course of action.

Furthermore, it is advisable to create a barrier between one’s home and the potential chigger-infested outdoors. This may be accomplished by applying a granular insecticide or diatomaceous earth around the perimeter of the dwelling. These substances act as a deterrent to chiggers and other insects, preventing them from gaining entry into the home. It is also wise to seal any cracks or crevices in the foundation, walls, and windows, as these may serve as entry points for the pests.

In the unfortunate event that chiggers have already established their presence within the home, it is necessary to employ methods that directly target these pests. Washing all bed linens, clothing, and other fabrics that may have come into contact with chiggers in hot water is of paramount importance, as the high temperature will effectively kill the pests. Vacuuming the affected areas thoroughly and disposing of the vacuum bag or contents in a sealed container will further aid in the removal of chiggers and their eggs.

For more severe infestations, one may consider utilizing chemical treatments specifically formulated for chigger control. Insecticides containing active ingredients such as permethrin, bifenthrin, or cyfluthrin have proven effective in exterminating chiggers. However, it is crucial to follow the manufacturer’s instructions carefully and to exercise caution when applying these chemicals, as they may pose risks to humans and pets if misused.

Finally, it is worth noting that prevention is oftentimes the best form of control. By employing the aforementioned methods consistently and diligently, one may greatly reduce the likelihood of a chigger infestation within the home, thereby ensuring a more comfortable and itch-free existence for all its inhabitants.

Natural Remedies for Chigger Bites

When afflicted with the vexing discomfort of chigger bites, one may find solace in the bountiful array of natural remedies available. These remedies have been cherished for their efficacy and gentleness, providing relief to those who suffer from the irritating effects of chigger bites. The following are some of the most highly esteemed natural treatments that one may employ in their quest for relief.

1. Aloe Vera: This wondrous plant, a veritable panacea of the natural world, has long been extolled for its soothing and healing properties. Applying the gel extracted from its leaves directly to the affected area may provide immediate relief from itching and inflammation. Additionally, aloe vera’s antimicrobial properties may aid in warding off infection.

2. Baking Soda: A staple in many a household, baking soda may be employed as a simple yet effective remedy for chigger bites. Create a paste by combining equal parts baking soda and water, and apply this mixture to the afflicted area. The alkaline nature of baking soda may help to neutralize the acidic enzymes present in chigger saliva, thus alleviating itching and irritation.

3. Apple Cider Vinegar: Revered for its myriad health benefits, apple cider vinegar may also provide relief from chigger bites. Dilute a small amount of this liquid with water, and apply it to the affected area using a cotton ball. The acetic acid present in apple cider vinegar may help to reduce itching and inflammation, while its antiseptic properties may aid in preventing infection.

4. Cold Compress: The simple act of applying a cold compress to the bite site may provide immediate relief from itching and swelling. This method works by constricting blood vessels, thereby reducing inflammation and numbing the area. To create a cold compress, simply wrap a few ice cubes in a cloth or towel and hold it against the bite for approximately 10 minutes.

5. Oatmeal: A soothing bath infused with colloidal oatmeal may provide much-needed respite from chigger-induced discomfort. Oatmeal contains avenanthramides, compounds known for their anti-inflammatory and antihistamine properties. To create an oatmeal bath, simply add one cup of colloidal oatmeal to a warm bath and soak for at least 15 minutes.

6. Tea Tree Oil: This essential oil, derived from the leaves of the tea tree, has been lauded for its antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and antifungal properties. Dilute a few drops of tea tree oil with a carrier oil, such as coconut or almond oil, and apply it to the bite site. This may help to alleviate itching, reduce inflammation, and prevent infection.

While these natural remedies may provide relief from the distressing symptoms of chigger bites, it is essential to remember that prevention is the most effective strategy for maintaining a chigger-free abode. Employing the methods outlined in the sections on preventing chigger infestations and effective chigger control will ensure that one’s home remains a sanctuary from these vexing pests.

Chiggers vs. Other Insect Bites

In the realm of vexatious insect bites, it is not uncommon for one to find oneself at a loss when attempting to discern the perpetrator behind the irksome itch. Chiggers, whilst being a prime suspect, are not the sole culprits in this regard. In order to alleviate the distress of our dear readers, we shall endeavour to delineate the distinctions between chigger bites and those inflicted by other common insects.

Chigger bites, as we have previously expounded upon, are characterized by their intense itching and small, reddened welts. These bites are typically concentrated in areas where clothing is tight-fitting, such as around the waist, ankles, or undergarments. In contrast, other insect bites may present themselves in a variety of forms and locations on the body.

Mosquito bites, for instance, are marked by their raised, round, and reddened appearance, accompanied by a less severe itching sensation than that of chigger bites. These bites are more likely to be scattered indiscriminately across exposed areas of the skin.

Flea bites, on the other hand, are characterized by their small, red, and clustered nature, often appearing in groups of three or four. They are most commonly found around the ankles, legs, and waist, and are accompanied by a moderate itching sensation. Flea bites may also be distinguished by the presence of the insects themselves, which are visible to the naked eye and may be observed hopping about in the vicinity of the bites.

Bed bug bites, a most unwelcome discovery, present themselves as small, red, and itchy welts, often appearing in a linear or zigzag pattern. These bites are typically found on areas of the body that are exposed during sleep, such as the face, neck, arms, and hands. The presence of small, reddish-brown insects and dark fecal spots on bedding and mattresses may further confirm the suspicion of bed bug infestation.

Tick bites, whilst less common than the aforementioned insects, warrant particular attention due to their potential to transmit serious diseases, such as Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Tick bites are generally painless and may go unnoticed, but they can develop into a small, red bump accompanied by swelling and, in some cases, a telltale “bull’s-eye” rash indicative of Lyme disease.

In summary, whilst the characteristics of chigger bites may overlap with those of other insect bites, a keen observation of the nuances in appearance, location, and accompanying symptoms may aid in the identification of the offending creature. Armed with this knowledge, our esteemed readers shall be better equipped to address the issue at hand and restore tranquility to their abodes.

FAQs: Common Questions About Chiggers in Bed

In this section, we shall endeavour to address some of the most frequently asked questions pertaining to chiggers in bed. It is our hope that these answers shall provide you with the knowledge and understanding required to combat these vexatious creatures and maintain a tranquil abode.

1. What are chiggers and where do they come from?
Chiggers, also known as harvest mites or red bugs, are the larvae of a type of mite belonging to the Trombiculidae family. These minuscule creatures are known to inhabit grassy and wooded areas, particularly during the warmer months. They may inadvertently find their way into your home by hitching a ride on clothing, pets, or other outdoor items.

2. Can chiggers infest your bed?
While it is uncommon for chiggers to establish a lasting presence within your bed, they may indeed find temporary refuge there, seeking a blood meal from an unsuspecting host. However, chiggers are unable to reproduce indoors, thus preventing a true infestation from taking hold.

3. How can one discern if chiggers are present in one’s bed?
Identifying chiggers in your bed can be a challenging endeavour, as these creatures are minute and often difficult to spot with the naked eye. If you suspect their presence, it may be prudent to examine your bedding and mattress closely for any signs of the reddish-orange or yellowish mites. Additionally, chigger bites may serve as an indication of their unwelcome presence.

4. How long do chiggers live in one’s bed?
Chiggers are not known to thrive in the indoor environment and typically perish within a few days without access to a suitable host. Should you discover chiggers in your bed, it is essential to act swiftly to remove them and prevent further discomfort.

5. Do chiggers burrow under the skin?
Contrary to popular belief, chiggers do not burrow beneath the skin. Rather, they attach themselves to the skin’s surface and inject enzymes that break down skin cells, which they then consume. This feeding process results in the characteristic itching and irritation associated with chigger bites.

6. Can chiggers transmit diseases?
In general, chiggers are not known to transmit diseases to humans. However, in some regions, they may carry a bacterial infection known as scrub typhus. It is important to consult a healthcare professional if you experience any unusual symptoms following a chigger bite.

7. How can one prevent chiggers from entering one’s home?
To thwart the unwelcome intrusion of chiggers, it is advisable to maintain a well-groomed lawn, remove leaf litter and brush, and create a barrier of gravel or wood chips around your home. Additionally, it is prudent to launder clothing and bathe promptly after spending time outdoors in areas known to harbour chiggers.

Armed with this knowledge, we trust that you shall be better equipped to address any concerns regarding chiggers in bed and maintain a peaceful and pest-free domicile.

Chiggers and Pets: What You Need to Know

In the delightful company of our cherished pets, we often overlook the possibility of their unwittingly bringing unwanted guests into our homes. As such, it is of great importance to be aware of the potential presence of chiggers on our beloved animals, and how to best address this matter.

Chiggers, or Trombiculidae, are minuscule mites that thrive in grassy and wooded areas, and can easily latch onto your pet’s fur as they frolic outdoors. Once your pet returns indoors, these tiny pests may find their way into your bed, causing discomfort for both you and your furry companion.

To prevent such an unfortunate occurrence, it is essential to regularly inspect your pets for signs of chiggers, especially during the warmer months when these pests are most active. Pay close attention to areas where your pet’s fur is thinner, such as the ears, belly, and legs, as chiggers are more likely to be found in these locations. Should you discover any of these minute creatures, promptly remove them using a fine-toothed comb, taking care to thoroughly clean the comb afterwards.

Furthermore, it is advisable to bathe your pets with a gentle, veterinarian-approved shampoo, particularly after they have spent time outdoors. This practice will not only aid in the removal of chiggers but also contribute to your pet’s overall hygiene and well-being.

In addition to these precautions, you may also consider treating your pet with a flea and tick preventative, as these products often prove to be effective against chiggers as well. Consult with your veterinarian to determine the most suitable product for your pet’s specific needs.

Lastly, it is of equal importance to maintain a clean and tidy home environment, as this will significantly reduce the likelihood of chiggers finding their way into your bed. Regularly wash your pet’s bedding, vacuum your home, and keep your yard well-groomed to minimize the presence of these unwelcome pests.

By adhering to these practices, you shall not only safeguard the comfort of your own slumber but also contribute to the health and happiness of your treasured pets.

Health Risks Associated with Chigger Bites

While chigger bites may cause a great deal of discomfort, it is essential to understand the potential health risks that may arise from these vexing encounters. Chiggers, being minuscule creatures, can easily be overlooked, and their bites may mistakenly be attributed to other insects. However, the consequences of neglecting the proper care for chigger bites could prove detrimental to one’s well-being.

First and foremost, the most common issue associated with chigger bites is the intense itching they induce. This relentless urge to scratch may lead to broken skin, which in turn, increases the risk of secondary bacterial infections. Such infections may manifest themselves in the form of impetigo, cellulitis, or even more severe conditions if left untreated. It is therefore of utmost importance to resist the temptation to scratch and to keep the affected area clean and dry.

Another potential, albeit rare, health risk linked to chigger bites is the transmission of disease. In some parts of the world, chiggers have been known to carry a disease called scrub typhus, caused by the bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi. This ailment is characterized by fever, headache, muscle pain, and a rash. While scrub typhus is not commonly found in the United States, travelers to endemic areas should be aware of this risk and take necessary precautions to avoid chigger bites.

Allergic reactions to chigger bites, while uncommon, may also pose a health risk. Some individuals may experience more severe symptoms, such as swelling, difficulty breathing, or anaphylaxis. If any of these symptoms occur, it is crucial to seek medical attention immediately, as they may be indicative of a life-threatening allergic reaction.

In conclusion, while chigger bites may be a mere nuisance for most, it is essential to remain vigilant in monitoring the affected area for signs of infection or other complications. Proper care and attention to these bites will help to minimize the potential health risks and ensure a swift recovery from these irksome invaders.

When to Call a Professional Pest Control Service

In the event of a persistent chigger infestation within one’s abode, it may become necessary to engage the services of a professional pest control expert. While the aforementioned methods of prevention and control may prove efficacious in many instances, there are certain circumstances in which the expertise of a seasoned exterminator is indispensable. The following are some such situations:

1. Recurring Infestations: Despite the most diligent efforts to maintain a chigger-free environment, some homeowners may find themselves faced with recurring infestations. In such cases, it would be prudent to enlist the aid of a professional, as they possess the knowledge and experience required to identify and address the root cause of the problem.

2. Severe Infestations: In instances where chiggers have managed to establish a significant presence within one’s home, it may be too overwhelming for the homeowner to tackle the issue alone. A professional exterminator will have access to specialized equipment and treatments that can swiftly and effectively eradicate the chiggers, restoring peace and comfort to the household.

3. Health Concerns: While chigger bites are generally not considered to be a grave health risk, they can cause a great deal of discomfort and may lead to secondary infections if not properly treated. For individuals with allergies or compromised immune systems, the risk of complications arising from chigger bites may be elevated. In such cases, it is advisable to seek the assistance of a pest control professional in order to minimize exposure to these vexatious creatures.

4. Uncertain Identification: As mentioned in previous sections, chiggers can be easily confused with other biting insects, such as bed bugs or fleas. If one is uncertain as to the nature of the infestation, it is best to consult a professional who can accurately identify the pest in question and provide the appropriate course of treatment.

5. Preventative Measures: Homeowners who reside in areas known for chigger populations may wish to engage the services of a pest control expert as a preventative measure. These professionals can assess the property and provide recommendations for reducing the risk of chigger infestations, ensuring that one’s home remains a sanctuary from these bothersome insects.

In conclusion, while many chigger infestations can be successfully managed through diligent housekeeping and the application of various home remedies, there are instances in which the intervention of a professional pest control service is both necessary and prudent. By recognizing the signs of a severe or persistent infestation and acting accordingly, homeowners can ensure the continued comfort and well-being of their households.

Chigger Myths Debunked

It is of utmost importance, dear reader, to address the myriad of misconceptions and falsehoods that surround the subject of chiggers. As a prudent researcher, I must endeavour to debunk these myths, so that you may be properly informed and equipped to deal with these vexing creatures.

Myth 1: Chiggers burrow under the skin

Contrary to popular belief, chiggers do not, in fact, burrow under the skin. Rather, they attach themselves to the surface of the skin and insert their feeding structures into it. Their saliva contains enzymes that break down skin cells, which the chiggers then consume. The resulting irritation and itchiness are the body’s natural response to this invasive process.

Myth 2: Chiggers only bite in the summer

While it is true that chiggers are most active during the warmer months, they are by no means limited to this season alone. Chiggers can be found in various climates and habitats, and may bite at any time of the year, depending on their location and the prevailing weather conditions.

Myth 3: Chiggers can be easily washed off with soap and water

Although bathing with soap and water may provide some relief from the itching caused by chigger bites, it is not an entirely effective method of removing the chiggers themselves. Once they have attached to the skin, chiggers are rather difficult to dislodge. However, do not despair, for there are other means of removing them, as discussed in the sections on prevention and control.

Myth 4: Chiggers are only found in wooded areas

While chiggers do indeed frequent wooded areas, they are not confined to such locales. These diminutive pests can also be found in grassy fields, parks, and even your own backyard. It is crucial to remain vigilant and take appropriate precautions, regardless of your surroundings.

Myth 5: Chiggers transmit diseases to humans

Fortunately, dear reader, chiggers do not pose a significant threat to human health, as they do not transmit diseases. However, the bites themselves can cause considerable discomfort and may lead to secondary infections if not properly cared for, as detailed in the sections on symptoms and treatment.

With these myths now laid to rest, you are better prepared to face the challenges posed by chiggers in your bed. Knowledge is, as ever, the key to effective prevention and control.

Conclusion: Keeping Your Home Chigger-Free

In conclusion, dear reader, it is of utmost importance to maintain a chigger-free abode, not merely for one’s own comfort and well-being, but also for the preservation of domestic tranquility. As we have journeyed through the various aspects of chigger identification, treatment, and control, it is now incumbent upon us to apply these learnings to ensure our homes remain free from these vexing creatures.

First and foremost, one must be vigilant in monitoring the environs of one’s dwelling. Regular inspections of bedding, furniture, and other areas where chiggers may lurk will serve to alert the discerning homeowner to any potential infestations. Should such unwelcome guests be discovered, swift action must be taken to eradicate them, employing the most effective means at one’s disposal, be they chemical or natural.

Prevention, as it is often said, is the best form of cure. By maintaining a clean and well-ordered home, free from the clutter and debris that may harbour chiggers and their ilk, one may significantly reduce the likelihood of infestation. Furthermore, we must not neglect the importance of personal hygiene, as regular bathing and laundering of one’s garments will serve to deter these minuscule marauders.

In the event that one is bitten by a chigger, it is essential to remain calm and follow the proper course of treatment, as outlined in the preceding sections. Should one’s symptoms persist or worsen, it is prudent to seek the counsel of a medical professional, lest one’s health be further compromised.

Finally, let us not forget the role of our beloved pets in this matter. By ensuring that our canine and feline companions are well-groomed and free from chiggers, we may further safeguard our homes from these irksome insects. In all things, let us be guided by reason and sound judgement, as we endeavour to maintain a chigger-free existence.

Thus, armed with knowledge and fortified by prudence, we may confidently confront the challenge of chiggers in our beds, and emerge triumphant in our quest for domestic harmony and healthful repose.